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13788947795德國力士樂REXROTH柱塞泵工作原理、故障判斷及部分型號解疑
力士樂變量柱塞泵工作原理：
變量柱塞泵的壓力油經泵體、泵殼變量殼體中的通油孔通過單向閥進入變 量殼體的下腔，當拉桿向下運動時，推動伺服活塞向下移動，伺服閥的上閥口打開，變量殼體下腔的壓力油經變量活塞中的通油孔進入變量殼體上腔，由于上腔面積 大于下腔，液壓力推動活塞向下運動，帶動銷軸使變量頭繞鋼球中心旋轉，改變變量頭的傾斜角（增大），柱塞泵的流量隨之增大。反之拉桿向上運動，變量頭的傾 斜角向相反方向變化，泵的流量也隨之變化。當傾斜角度變至零以后，則變量頭向負偏角方向變化，液流產生換向，泵的進出油口變換。
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力士樂變量柱塞泵常見故障：
1．液壓泵輸出流量不足或不輸出油液
（1）吸入量不足。原因是吸油管路上的阻力過大或補油量不足。如泵的轉速過大，油箱中液面過低，進油管漏氣，濾油器堵塞等。
（2）泄漏量過大。原因是泵的間隙過大，密封不良造成。如配油盤被金屬碎片、鐵屑等劃傷，端面漏油；變量機構中的單向閥密封面配合不好，泵體和配油盤的支承面有砂眼或研痕等。可以通過檢查泵體內液壓油中混雜的異物判別泵被損壞的部位。
（3）傾斜盤傾角太小，泵的排量少，這需要調節變量活塞，增加斜盤傾角。
2．中位時排油量不為零
變量式軸向柱塞泵的斜盤傾角為零時稱為中位，此時泵的輸出流量應為零。但有時會出現中位偏離調整機構中點的現象，在中點時仍有流量輸出。其原因是控制器的位置偏離、松動或損傷，需要重新調零、緊固或更換。泵的角度維持力不夠、傾斜角耳軸磨損也會產生這種現象。
3．輸出流量波動
輸 出流量波動與很多因素有關。對變量泵可以認為是變量機構的控制不佳造成，如異物進入變量機構，在控制活塞上劃出階痕、磨痕、傷痕等，造成控制活塞運動不穩 定。由于放大器能量不足或零件損壞、含有彈簧的控制活塞的阻尼器效能差，都會造成控制活塞運動不穩定。流量不穩定又往往伴隨著壓力波動。這類故障一般要拆 開液壓泵，更換受損零部件，加大阻尼，提高彈簧剛度和控制壓力等。
4．輸出壓力異常
泵的輸出壓力是由負載決定的，與輸入轉矩近似成正比。輸出壓力異常有兩種故障。
（1）輸出壓力過低
當 泵在自吸狀態下，若進油管路漏氣或系統中液壓缸、單向閥、換向閥等有較大的泄漏，均會使壓力升不上去。這需要找出漏氣處，緊固、更換密封件，即可提高壓 力。溢流閥有故障或調整壓力低，系統壓力也上不去，應重新調整壓力或檢修溢流閥。如果液壓泵的缸體與配流盤產生偏差造成大量泄漏，嚴重時，缸體可能破裂， 則應重新研磨配合面或更換液壓泵。
（2）輸出壓力過高
若回路負載持續上升，泵的壓力也持續上升，當屬正常。若負載一定，泵的壓力超過負載所需壓力值，則應檢查泵以外的液壓元件，如方向閥、壓力閥、傳動裝置和回油管道。若zui大壓力過高，應調整溢流閥。
5．振動和噪聲
振動和噪聲是同時出現的。它們不僅對機器的操作者造成危害，也對環境造成污染。
（1）機械振動和噪聲
如泵軸和電機軸不同心或頂死，旋轉軸的軸承、聯軸節損傷，彈性墊破損和裝配螺栓松動均會產生噪聲。對于高速運轉或傳輸大能量的泵，要定期檢查，記錄各部件的振幅、頻率和噪聲。如泵的轉動頻率與壓力閥的固有頻率相同時，將會引起共振，可改變泵的轉速以消除共振。
（2）管道內液流產生的噪聲
進油管道太細、進油濾油器通流能力過小或堵塞、進油管吸入空氣、油液豁度過高、油面過低吸油不足和高壓管道中產生液擊等，均會產生噪聲。因此，必須正確設計油箱，正確選擇濾油器、油管和方向閥。
6．液壓泵過熱
液 壓泵過度發熱有兩個原因，一是機械摩擦生熱。由于運動表面處于干摩擦或半干摩擦狀態，運動部件相互摩擦生熱。二是液體摩擦生熱。高壓油通過各種縫隙泄漏到 低壓腔，大量的液壓能損失轉為熱能。所以正確選擇運動部件之間的間隙、油箱容積和冷卻器，可以杜絕泵的過度發熱和油溫過高的現象。另外，回油過濾器堵塞造 成回油背壓過高，也會引起油溫過高和泵體過熱。
7．漏油
柱塞泵漏油主要有以下原因：
（1）主軸油封損壞或軸有缺陷、劃痕；
（2）內部泄漏過大，造成油封處壓力增大，而將油封損傷或沖出；
（3）泄油管過細過長，使密封處漏油；
（4）泵的外接油管松動，管接頭損傷，密封墊老化或產生裂紋；
（5）變量調節機構螺栓松動，密封破損；
（6）鑄鐵泵殼有砂眼或焊接不良。
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